Quiz DNA Health Part 2

DNA Health: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Bone Health, Insulin Sensitivity and Food Responsiveness

The following questions are based on information provided in the ‘The Genetics of Health, Part 2’ webinar. For each question select the correct answer. There is only one correct answer for each question.

1. Acute inflammation or inflammation in the right dose at the right time, offers benefits in contributing to our immunity, however chronic low-grade inflammation can cause tissue damage and increase our risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and even mental health.

True

False

2. Which statement is true with regard to interleukin 1?

Interleukin 1 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine which has been implicated as an important leverage point in the inflammatory cascade.

IL-1 functions in a number of tissues in the body including cartilage, bone, blood vessels, hypothalamus and pancreas.

The interleukin family has 6 members, all of which are IL-1 receptor antagonists.

3. Complete the sentence. IL-1RN 2018 T allele is associated with _______ receptor antagonist function and _______ risk for developing periodontitis and certain cancers.

Decreased, increased

Increased, decreased

Decreased, decreased

Increased, increased

4. A randomized placebo controlled trial by Korman et al (2007) found that individuals carrying variants associated with increased IL1 expression who received a botanical extract formulation (rich in dehydroascorbate, anthocyanins and all-transresveratrol) for 12 weeks, experienced an increase in IL-1 B gene expression as well as plasma CRP levels, compared to those without variants.

True

False

5. What intervention would you most likely recommend to individuals who are positive for the Il-1 SNP?

Increase intake of red and purple fruit and vegetables, curcumin and ginger.

Include more fatty fish in the diet to increase Omega 3 intake and reduce intake of Omega 6s and saturated fatty acids.

Weight management (especially if overweight).

Follow a anti-inflammatory diet.

All of the above.

6. Which of the following tests would you consider doing for an individual who has a high priority for inflammation on their DNA test?

High sensitivity CRP and/or bloodspot fatty acids.

Homocysteine and folic acid.

Vitamin D and a full lipogram.

7. Which statement is false with regard to oxidative stress?

Oxidative stress is an imbalance in your redox status. When there is imbalance in this redox status, oxidative stress results and more oxidation occurs in your body than you can manage.

Dietary antioxidants such as Vitamin C, E, carotenoids and polyphenols are free radical scavengers, that help to neutralize free radicals, playing a role in antioxidant mechanisms in living organisms.

The major role in antioxidant defence is fulfilled by the body’s own antioxidant enzymes, what is important is how well those enzymes are working.

SOD2 is the extracellular superoxide dismutase, SOD3 is the intracellular superoxide dismutase and SOD1 occurs in the mitochondria.

Superoxide is created by and increased by a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, unbalanced diet, cellular respiration and other environmental factors such as pollution, thereby increasing oxidative stress in the body.

8. Which statement is false with regard to the T allele of the eNOS variation in DNA health?

It affects the cleavage of the enzyme, reducing nitric oxide bioavailability in the blood vessel wall, thus promoting atherosclerosis.

It is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, essential hypertension, end stage renal disease and pre eclampsia.

It is associated with a better response to intake of Omega 3 fatty acids.

Individuals carrying this allele should reduce intake of foods such as spinach and beetroot that contain nitrates and are converted naturally in the body into nitric oxide and should limit moderate intensity physical activity.

9. Which of the following is considered to be one of the most important selenium dependent antioxidant enzymes, expressed in almost all tissues of the body?

GPX1- Glutathione peroxidase 1.

eNoS – Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase.

SOD2/MnSOD – Superoxide dismutase.

CAT – catalyse.

10. Which statement is true with regard to GPX1 Pro198Leu?

T allele carriers have decreased function of the enzyme and are associated with increased risk of chronic diseases, especially in the presence of a low fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol consumption.

Research has suggested that T allele carriers may have increased risk of breast cancer with HRT use.

C allele carriers are more responsive to dietary Selenium intake and CC genotypes have better enzyme function and tend to have a protective effect against oxidative stress.

All of the above.

11. What dietary advice would you most likely recommend to someone carrying the T allele of GPX1?

Include a polyphenol rich diet with a high intake of fruit and vegetables, aim to include 1-2 Brazil nuts on a daily basis as they are a rich source of Selenium, avoid toxin exposure and give preference to red wine over other alcohols.

Avoid toxin exposure from heavy metals and pesticides, include more foods that include nitrate as a preservative and encourage use of HRT in women with the T allele.

Increase intake of sardines and turkey, which are rich in Selenium, give preference to white wine and white spirits as your preferred alcohol choice and limit intake of glutathione precursors.

12. Complete the sentence. Individuals carrying the CC genotype for PPARG, with a diet high in total fat and _________ , have an increased risk of high waist circumference, thereby _________ the risk of insulin resistance. ________ individuals carrying the CC genotype have a significantly higher (up to 4-fold) risk of developing diabetes and insulin resistance.

Saturated fat, increasing, Overweight/obese

Carbohydrate, increasing, Underweight

Saturated fat, decreasing, Normal weight

13. Individuals with the FADS1 GG genotype have been associated with abnormal lipograms and higher levels of long chain Omega 6s in the presence of a Westernised diet. Limiting intake of Omega 6 fatty acids and increasing intake of Omega 3s in their long chain form is recommended.

True

False

14. Which statement is true with regard to CYP1A2?

Individuals carrying the AA allele are slow caffeine metabolisers.

Individuals carrying the C allele are typically slow caffeine metabolisers and have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, raised blood pressure and myocardial infarction as their coffee intake increases.

Individuals carrying the C allele do not need to limit their caffeine intake whereas individuals carrying the A allele should opt for decaf options.

15. Complete the sentence. The _____ allele for MCM6 -13910 has been associated with lactose _______in adults and individuals carrying this genotype should avoid all lactose containing products or limit intake to less than ____ lactose per day, which is considered to be the general tolerance level.

CC, intolerance, 12g

TT, intolerance, 15g

CC, persistence, 5g

16. Individuals carrying the heterozygote HFEC282Y and H63D will almost certainly develop hereditary hemochromatosis and should commence with regular phlebotomy or blood donation on receiving these genetics results.

True

False

17. Which statement is true?

Individuals with essential hypertension carrying the ACE II allele have been found to have significantly higher blood pressure with a high salt intake compared to DD individuals and it is recommended that they reduce their salt intake to avoid spikes in blood pressure.

Individuals with essential hypertension carrying the ACE DD allele have been found to have significantly higher blood pressure with a high salt intake compared to II individuals and it is recommended that they reduce their salt intake to avoid spikes in blood pressure.

Individuals with essential hypertension carrying the ACE II allele are unlikely to see a reduction in their blood pressure when reducing their salt intake and it is recommended that they go straight on to blood pressure lowering medication.

18. Which statement is true with regard to individuals considered to be non-tasters. those with AVI/AVI genotype?

They are generally more accepting of vegetables except for cruciferous veggies and bitter tasting leafy greens, which they tend to have an aversion to.

They typically have a sweet tooth and tend to have a preference towards sugary foods.

They tend to have a higher preference towards alcoholic beverages and smoking compared to high-tasters.

They have been associated with increased BMI and increased risk of developing colon cancer.

19. Which statement is false with regard to the ALDHS2 rs671 A allele?

This SNP is extremely rare in the Caucasian and African populations but highly prevalent amongst the East Asian population.

Individuals carrying this A allele are advised to completely avoid alcohol. Testing their GGT blood levels is also recommended.

Individuals carrying this allele should limit alcohol intake to 1-2 units per day and avoid binge drinking.

20. Which of the following are criterion for DNAlysis, when selecting what genes and SNPs should be tested and included in reports?

Focus should be on genes that are chronically activated during clinical disease and that are modifiable by nutritional compounds.

The SNP should change the function of the gene or the expression of the enzyme in some way.

Nutrients modifying genes are readily available.

Some potential negative effects of specific nutrient intake must exist in individuals with certain genotypes.

All of the above

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